| ironing of polymer-metal laminates | |
This application is related to production of polymer coated food and beverage cans, which are made of electrolytic chromium coated steel (ECCS) covered by thermoplastic PET layers. The laminates of dissimilar materials are exposed to wide range of thermo-mechanical processing conditions caused by a sequence of drawing and ironing operations. From numerical point of view the most demanding operation is high-speed ironing. In mass production the local strain rates exceed 10.000 per second and the laminate is exposed to high contact pressures reaching up to 500 MPa. Furthermore, due to dissipation of plastic work and friction the temperatures rise to more than 200°C, which is well above the PET glass transition temperature Tg at atmospheric pressure. In these extreme strain rate, pressure and temperature conditions modelling of PET behaviour becomes very difficult. C3M has made remarkable progress in calibrating the numerical predictions with laboratory and industrial measurements to better understand complex response of polymer metal laminates to ironing and other large strain and deformation processes. |
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